News Media

Rena Hermez RWS 100 Prof. Costello Nov. 29, 2009 News Media Media have tremendous power in setting cultural guidelines and in shaping political discourse. It is essential that news media is challenged to be unbiased and truthful. Most many people find news whether on TV, newspaper, or magazines to be politically bias. Michael Parenti, the author of Inventing Reality, asserts that the news can be bias towards political issues by using the â€Å"Methods of Misrepresentation† (Parenti 53). This includes: â€Å"Framing and Labeling†, â€Å"Selectivity and Deliberate Omission†, â€Å"The Greying of Reality†, â€Å"Auxiliary Embellishments†, and â€Å"Placement† (Parenti). These methods are used to serve the private news conglomerates and our country interests instead of the public interests. Therefore, the news content became politically biased. Moreover, the past decade has seen more change in the craft of news media than perhaps any other. Since the news conglomerates took over local papers and stations, news became less relevant and more for entrainment. The more news is entertaining to its audience, the more money for the news conglomerates and the shareholders. Thus, news is not as important to the lives of audience as they once were. The issue of economy is very crucial topic in the U. S. However, many news networks misrepresents the public interest by placing the article in the most secluded pages in the newspaper. For instance, the article, â€Å"Economists question accuracy of picture from economic data†, by New York Times Service, in the San Diego Union Tribune newspaper, discusses how the government’s picture of the economic data has a wide gap from the reality. It also explains why the government miscalculated the data, and gave a brief explanation on how to calculate it correctly. Since this article rectifys the government, San Diego Union Tribune decided to publish it on page A6 with advertising Ads. This is an example of â€Å"Placement† because as important as this issue has been to the public, the San Diego Union Tribune published the story in a place that is hidden from the readers view. Most people would never see it if they were just glossing the pages. According Parenti â€Å"troublesome stories that are not suppressed, ignored [†¦ still can be buried in obscure places. Placement is often used for the greying of reality†(Parenti 58). Another method of misrepresentation that occurs often in the news media is omission. Omission occurs when important information is not reported or is reported incompletely. likewise, Parenti defines it as, â€Å" sometimes the unmentioned includes not just particular details of he s tory but the entire story itself- even ones about major events† (Parenti 54). An example of suppressed issue in the mainstream press is that of the former Vice President Dick Cheney’s speech on October 21, 2009. He gave an important speech about the Center for Security Policy, and it was not televised on any American news or network. Not even Fox News televised this speech. They have, however, posted the speech on their website. Perhaps this deliberate omission of this speech from the news networks occurred because the Bush Administration became less powerful since too many people lost trust in it. Thus, when this particle example was omitted, than we are getting a skewed or biased perspective from Fox News network. Since big conglomerates bought news networks, the definition of â€Å"news† have changed for the past few decades because the profit motives. Before, news was information that is of broad interest to the intended audience. Today, â€Å"news production distortions are of a more political nature and reveal a pattern of bias that favors the dominate class of interests and statist ideology† (Parenti 53). When the president of ABC news was asked â€Å"how has the standard for what qualifies is news has changed because of the pressure profit motives? He responds back by saying it has changed and broadened and not lowered† (News War). An example of â€Å"broaden† news is â€Å"Palin visits Florida town that feted her in 2008† on MSNBC website headline news. This news report made it to the headline not because the public is interested in where Sara Palin visit, but because news produces want more news to fill up the page and to make more profit. Now days, anything can be made news as long as there is a video and a story line that goes with it. Thus, the issue of profit motives serve big conglomerates interest and not the public nterest as it once was. News media definition have shifted from public interest news to profit motive news, from fair and truthful news to political bias and inaccurate news. We live in a time where newspapers are not sufficient anymore, internet and TV are easier to access and cost less. However, it is very difficult to supply enough news to fill a whole page of website and a whole hour of TV news. Thus, to make profit the internet and TV, big private conglomerates decided to soften the news content to occupy the extra time thats left from the real important news. News content became more politically biassed, more entertaining, and more profitable. News is being selectively â€Å"siding with those who have powers, position, and wealthy†(Parenti 54). By covering news, politics, weather, sports, entertainment, and vital events, the daily media shape the dominant cultural, social and political picture of our society, only, instead of the real important issues of the cultural, social, and political picture of our society. Works Cited New York Times Service. â€Å"Economists Question Accuracy of Picture from Economic Data. San Diego Union Tribune 9 Nov. 2009: A6. News War: What’s Happening to the News. Prods. Stephen Talbot and Lowell Bergman. Frontline. PBS. WGBH Educational Foundation, 2007. â€Å"Palin visits Florida town that feted her in 2008. † 24 Nov. 2009. MSNBC. 24 Nov. 2009 . Parenti, Michael. Inventing Reality. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993. New York Times Service. â€Å"Economists Question Accuracy of Picture from Economic Data. † San Diego Union Tribune 9 Nov. 2009: A6. â€Å"RAW DATA: Dick Cheney's Remarks to the Center for Security Policy. † 21 Oct. 2009. FOX News. 24 Nov. 2009 . News Media They are often misrepresented by editors in order to make them more appealing to the viewer. For example, take this Big Mac from McDonald's. Here, advertisers have used a false portrayal of the real Big Mac to manipulate It's viewers to want to the buy their product. Similarly to advertises misleading us, so too does the media In their depiction of conveying real life Issues and events through the use of language features. Good morning/afternoon fellow classmates, today I am here to discuss the misrepresentations displayed in news articles.Recently, there has been a controversy between bikes and Campbell Newsman's new anti-bike laws. In the articles titled This Brisbane man posted a menacing video warning the premier. Police say he's done nothing wrong' by Robin Ironsides, and ‘Senior police packing heat' by Thomas Chamberlain and David Murray, both authors convey an unfair representation of the groups of bikes within society. These groups are often marginal's and authors portr ay them negatively based upon stereotypes. Together, these articles demonstrate the Inaccurate representations of bless as minorities.The article Senior police packing heat' published by the Courier Mall on the 1 lath of November (201 3), describes the Queensland Police battle against the belle legislation. Through closer examination, It Is clear that the authors, Thomas Chamberlain and David Murray have created a biased depiction of motorcycle groups though the utilization of language techniques such as evaluative language, repetition and actions. The headings of newspaper articles are considered to be one of the most important aspects of the text as it aims to engage and catch the reader's attention.The title Senior police packing heat' is a great example of an attention grabbing heading; however, it incorporates a negative connotation about motorcycle groups. The phrase â€Å"packing heat,† is quite alarming as it coincides with the Queensland Police Union's action to take stand in preparation for their fight against the bless. Here, Chamberlain and Murray have stereotyped all forms of motorcycle gangs to perceive them as criminals, or Involved In criminal activity. As a result, the government has made legislations against the entire belle population to stop their true as motorcyclists in order to prevent violent and illegal acts.The authors have also used repetition and actions to clearly show Queensland bikes as an infamous group to reinforce to the reader about their destructive prominence in society. Through the actions of Commissioner Ian Stewart, Chamberlain and Murray have successfully showed the Queensland Police Unions considerations to â€Å"allow some district duty officers to carry RE . 223 carbines with telescopic sights in their vehicles. † â€Å"These are very, very high powered weapons and they need to be handled very, very ruefully. The repetition of â€Å"very,† emphasizes the dangers and threats posed to us by the bi kes and outlines how much care â€Å"SENIOR police† should take. This showcases that the people Involved in motorcycle groups are considered to be criminals and or Involved In criminal actively as their behavior in society Is alleged to be Illegal. Similarly, the article entitled ‘This Brisbane man posted a menacing video warning the Premier. Police say he's done nothing wrong' Published by the to Premier Campbell Newman and his family.However, after deconstructing the article, it is clearly shown that investigators could not identify any signs of criminal offence behind the menacing video. Through the utilization of language features such as emotive language and intensifiers, Ironsides has portrayed the offender as a mysterious man alleged to be involved in criminal activities. This emotive language is depicted in the second stanza of the article. Ironsides states that the â€Å"Queensland Police Service confirmed investigators† that the man responsible was not persecuted of any illegal acts.This indicates that the man behind the online video criticizing the State Governments â€Å"anti-bike laws† has not been found to commit any signs of criminal offence. Despite this, the author has created an undesirable representation of motorcycle minorities through the use of intensifiers. She writes that the â€Å"masked man† involved in the online video criticized the Vicious Lawless Association Disestablishment. † This implies that although the man was not committed of any lawless offence, he was assumed to be a dangerous figure in society.Here, the author has represented this group of people in a negative manner through a careful election of deceptive techniques. To reinforce this statement, Ironsides has incorporated a visual element in her article that portrays the alleged offender to have committed the series of threats to Campbell Newman and his family. This picture displays the masked man giving an inappropriate gesture t owards authority, therefore, reinforcing our negative perceptions of bike groups. Every day, journalists are entrusted with the task of delivering unbiased events and issues to the public.However, editors regularly bypass this expectation, and instead serpentine the story to what was actually being conveyed in order to manipulate readers to perceive something the way they want you to. This technique was used by Robin Ironsides in her article titled ‘This Brisbane man posted a menacing video warning the Premier. Police say he's done nothing wrong,' and Thomas Chamberlain and David Murray in their article ‘Senior police packing heat'. In these articles both authors have represented bike minorities in a bias and negative manner. They have portrayed all motorcyclists groups as criminals who are involved in illegal activities.

Hamlet Soliloquies and Their Analysis

HAMLET’S SOLILOQUIES & THEIR ANALYSIS In the course of the play, Hamlet has seven long soliloquies. The first of these occurs before he has seen the Ghost. In this soliloquy, Hamlet reveals the grief that has been gnawing at his mind. He wishes that religion did not forbid suicide so that he could kill himself and be rid of this grief. He feels disillusioned with the world. â€Å"How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable, Seem to me all the uses of this world†. He deplores (condemns) the fact that his mother should have remarried barely two months after the death of her first husband. This soliloquy shows Hamlet’s meditative nature. It also reveals his filial attachment to his dead father whom he speaks highly, and his scorn of his uncle to whom he refers in disparaging terms. His references to Hyperion, Niobe and Hercules show him to be well versed in classical literature. We also note his generalizing tendency when says: â€Å"Frailty thy name is woman;† Resolution to avenge his father’s murder. Hamlet’s second soliloquy comes just after the Ghost leaves him, after charging him with the duty of taking revenge upon the murderer of his father. Hamlet resolves to wipe out everything else from his memory and to remember only Ghost’s command. The manner in which Hamlet here speaks of never forgetting into action and carry out the behest (request) of the Ghost. The Ghost’s revelation has stunned him and he refers to his mother as â€Å"a most pernicious woman† and to his uncle as a â€Å"smiling damned villain†. We again note his generalizing tendency when he says that â€Å"one may smile, and smile, and be a villain†. Self reproach: In his third soliloquy, Hamlet bitterly scolds himself for having failed to execute his revenge so far, he calls himself â€Å"a dull and muddy mettled rascal† for his failure, accusing himself of being â€Å"pigeon livered†, an ass who â€Å" like a whore† can only unpack his heart with words and â€Å"And fall a-cursing, like a very drab†. He refers to his uncle as a â€Å"bloody bawdy villain; remorseless, treacherous, lecherous, kindles illain†. He then dwells upon his plan to stage a play (The Mouse Trap), saying: â€Å"the the play ‘s the thing Wherein I'll catch the conscience of the king† In other words, Hamlet now seeks a confirmation of the Ghost’s charge against Claudius. This is rather strange, because it has taken him long to doubt the authenticity of the Ghost’s version. It is obv ious that Hamlet is more a philosopher and less a man of action. On the Horns of Dilemma. Hamlet fourth soliloquy, his most famous and most celebrated, is the most philosophical of all. To be, or not to be: that is the question†. Hamlet asks himself whether it is noble to suffer the cruelties of fate silently or to put up a fight against the misfortunes of life. It would be better perhaps â€Å"to commit suicide† if death were to mean a total extinction of consciousness. But the fear of what may happen to us after death, make us endure the ills and injustices of life. This soliloquy, more than any other reveals the speculative temperament of Hamlet, his irresolute and wavering mind, and his incapacity for any premeditated action of a momentous nature. His catalogue of the misfortunes of life once again shows his generalizing habit of thought. This soliloquy partly explains Hamlet’s delay in carrying out his purpose, and shows at the same time the mental torture that he has been undergoing because of that delay. We here see a sensitive, reflective person compelled to face situation with which he unable to cope. Decision to â€Å"speak daggers† to his motherIn his fifth soliloquy, Hamlet describes his mood as one in which he could â€Å"drink hot blood, an do such bitter business as the day would quake to look on†. In this mood he can even kill his mother, but he would not follow Nero’s example: â€Å"Let me be cruel, not unnatural†. He therefore decides to â€Å"speak daggers† to his mother but use none. We can well realize Hamlet’s story resentment against his mother but we also know that the man who has not been able to kill his uncle will be incapable of killing his mother because, apart the fact of her marriage, she has done nothing to deserve that punishment. Evading the responsibility. Hamlet’s sixth soliloquy shows him shrinking from an act for which he has long been preparing and for which he now gets an excellent opportunity. Hamlet’s reason for not killing his uncle at this moment is that the uncle is at prayers and that by killing him at such a time Hamlet would be sending him straight to heaven. Hamlet decides to wait for an opportunity when his uncle is â€Å"drink asleep, or in his rage, or in the incestuous pleasure of his bed, at gaming, swearing, or about some act that has no relish of salvation in it†. Obviously, Hamlet is evading a responsibility which he has fully accepted. His reasoning here is nothing but a piece of casuistry (misleadingly subtle reasoning). Thus Hamlet’s tendency to procrastination is further emphasized in this soliloquy Self Reproach Again. Hamlet’s last soliloquy is again full of self reproach: â€Å"How all occasions do inform against me, And spur my dull revenge! † Three part of his failure, he says are due to cowardice, and only one part due to wisdom. It is to be deplored (condemned) that he only lives yet to say: â€Å"This thing’s to do (meaning his purpose is yet to be accomplished). A man is no better than a beast, if he is content with feeding and sleeping. Hamlet’s dilatoriness is due to â€Å"bestial oblivions†, or to â€Å"some craven (cowardly) scruple (hesitation) of thinking too precisely on the event†. Having rebuke himself in strong terms, Hamlet forms the following resolve: â€Å"O, from this time forth, My thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth! † This soliloquy, once again emphasizes Hamlet’s irresolution and his meditative temperament. His conscience keeps pricking him and urging him to revenge, but a natural deficiency always obstructs him. His generalizing and universalizing tendency too is seen here once again † What is a man, If his chief good and market of his time Be but to sleep and feed? a beast, no more. † The idea of delay emphasized by the soliloquies. Hamlet’s soliloquies are foremost in bringing the idea of his delay to our notice. The stress on delay shows also Hamlet’s preoccupation with his role. His life is one to be lived under the imposition (burden) of a great task which he seems unable to fulfill. Excessively speculative, irresolute, scholarly poetic. The soliloquies of Hamlet undoubtedly throw a flood of light on his character and personality. A soliloquy is a device by which Shakespeare reveals to us the inner working of a character’s mind, the secret thoughts and cogitations (meditations) of a character’s mind, the deepest recess of a character’s soul. Hamlet’s soliloquies surely serve that purpose. These soliloquies not only reveal that Hamlet is given to excessive speculations and that he is therefore unfit to carry out the task assigned to him, but also unable to understand his reasons for delaying his revenge. Furthermore, these soliloquies show Hamlet's poetic eloquence. Each soliloquy by him is a masterpiece, not only as regards its philosophic content but also as regards its style and expression. They show Hamlet to be a scholar, a philosopher, and a poet. . Nothing about his relations with Ophelia in these soliloquies. Introspective as he is, Hamlet is constantly analyzing himself inwardly. He is for even looking into himself, delving into his own nature, to seek an explanation' for this or for that, and giving vent to his dissatisfaction, discontent, or frustration. In one important respect, however, these soliloquies do not express Hamlet's mind. In none of these soliloquies does he speak of his feelings or thoughts about Ophelia. While he speaks a good deal about his uncle and, his mother, he says nothing about Ophelia. The result is that so far as his relations with Ophelia arc concerned, we have to depend only on external evidence. Three powers of the soul dramatized. According to one critic, the first six soliloquies of Hamlet' dramatize the three powers of the soul – namely , memory; understanding, and will – and show how his memory and understanding are opposed to his will, while the seventh soliloquy is concerned with all three powers of the soul though-â€Å"the battle in Hamlet's mind is never decided at a conscious level. Over-analysis of motives. The soliloquies of Hamlet deepen Hamlet's tragic character by portraying him as a â€Å"thinking† man. His excessive introspection checks action by too curious a consideration of the need and justice of . the action contemplated. The soliloquies contain an over-analysis  ·of the motives of the action that is required of him. His mind weighs all that may conceivably be said for and against the course proposed.

British Colonialism In Daniel Defoes Roxanna English Literature Essay

British Colonialism In Daniel Defoes Roxanna English Literature Essay Max Weber in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism claims that Capitalism â€Å"educates and selects the economic subjects it needs through a process of survival of the fittest† (Weber 154). Weber believes that there is a direct link between institutions and individual characters. In other words, one can say that Capitalism would not survive without economic men and also economic men could not maintain their social place without Capitalism. In the following the researcher tries to show that at least certain men and women, were swayed by the logic of Capitalism’s productive possibilities. Defoe was intensely interested in capitalist modes of production, efficiency and improvements and in the exploitation and expansion of new markets along imperialist lines that would favor English trading interests. Defoe was also interested in the politics of his time and in the social issues. Defoe was a mature product of the cultural process initiated by Capitalism. In ot her words he is a master over circumstances, over nature. He has the confidence, despite his mediocre birth, to comment on the social, political, and economic affairs of his day. In turn, Roxana was a woman, who, despite her reverses and her own mediocre birth, could entertain princes and kings. In the beginning of this emerging capitalist interest, and with the thirst of reform, Defoe was able to synchronize in his own life Capitalism’s vision of a new social order, of commerce’s role and change. All his novels are rich in content and context. Roxana has been called by modern critics Defoe’s darkest novel. Many critics have claimed that the greatest difference between Defoe’ last novel and his earlier works is Roxana’s greater gravity. Many critics described it as a novel whose primary concern is with the psychological nature of Roxana and Amy’s sin. Roxana has most often been appraised as a story of moral decay, in which the heroine progre sses from â€Å"virtuous poverty to corrupt wealth.† Roxana has also been criticized as a woman with a cynical attachment toward those who love her and whose rational self-interest places her as the embodiment of Defoe’s vision of a corrupt society. Roxana is a heroine who rushes toward material comfort and self transformation at the price of her soul. Roxana’s internal world of memory and guilt concerning her various sexual partners, the death of her daughter Susan at the hands of Amy, and the like, becomes the price Roxana pays for the control she assumes in external world of financial and sexual interests. In this aspect, two factors about Roxana should be emphasized: the nature of Roxana as a new economic woman caught between profit and spirituality and the issues of empire and slavery which were not only important in the fictional life of Roxana, but also in Defoe’s life. Considering the above mentioned remarks, some examples are traceable in the nov el. For instance, when Roxana discusses the dangers of marrying a foolish husband her remarks repeat one of Defoe’s favorite maxims about the nature of commerce, while also underlining the context of commerce’s international nature: â€Å"I was a Warning for all the Ladies of Europe, against marrying of Fools; a Man of Sence falls in the world, and gets-up again, and a Woman has some Chance for herself; but with a FOOL! Once fall, and ever undone; once in a Ditch, and die in the Ditch; once poor, and sure to starve† (ibid 96).

Shifting the Social Balance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Shifting the Social Balance - Essay Example This shift represents a major step in the development of civilization because it focuses on hard evidence, observable fact, and verifiable conclusions. Science opened up the possibility of questioning long-held beliefs and examining them for truth while the Enlightenment made it possible to hold these debates in public, even refuting concepts that proved inaccurate. Revolutionary tools and ideas illustrate how the Scientific Revolution influenced society while the Enlightenment firmly established science and reason as the only logical standard on which to base worldly human thought. Copernicus, somewhat by accident, touched off the Scientific Revolution in the early 16th century when he wrote to Pope Paul III for support in his recent astrological findings. Using solid math, appropriate research and direct observation, Copernicus concluded that the Earth revolved around the sun rather than, as the Church would have people believe, the Sun revolving around the Earth (Copernicus 1543 c ited in Levick, 2004: 524). His evidence was meticulously outlined and his conclusions were sound, but his ideas were introduced to a mostly unreceptive public who still preferred to believe they were central to God's creation. Galileo, introducing some of these same ideas, would gain greater exposure for the idea thanks to the recent invention of the telescope. This made it possible for other people to go and observe with their own eyes the rotations both Galileo and Copernicus had outlined - helped a bit with Galileo's high-class 'star-gazing' parties (Kaku, 2008). Through a simple telescope such as those used by Galileo and his friends, it is possible to see the craters of the moon and the orbits of some of the moons of Jupiter. These observations, combined with sound mathematic principles, made it possible for Galileo, and Copernicus, to prove reality. â€Å"All reasonings about mechanics have their foundations in geometry, in which I do not see that largeness and smallness mak e large circles †¦ subject to properties different from those of small ones† (Levick, 2004: 322).

Writing Assignment # 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Writing Assignment # 2 - Essay Example There can be a perfect addition, removal, or change of vital generic elements by the use of modern biotechnology techniques (David &Thompson, 2008). Because genes are common to the life on earth, there is a possibility that the transfer of genes from one organism to another and even between non-related species occurs perfectly. From the above scientific principles, it is evident that this manipulation can produce a product with new characteristics that probably have advantages. Genetic engineering refers to the use of elements of modern biotechnology and molecular biology to come up with new characteristics or traits into an organism. Competent researchers can use these implements to introduce new generic elements, or remove or modify prevailing hereditary material to present the proposed, new characteristics o or traits. The traits that are induced into the plant or animals are always having wanted characteristics thus being economically beneficial and friendly (Sanderson, 2007). The major purpose of genetic engineering is to enable scientists or researchers to introduce a much wider concept of new traits into an organism (plant or animal) than it is possible by natural breeding. These traits are always the best that an individual may want an organism to possess thus boosting the level or rate of production. For instance, in agriculture it makes crops to have traits of being resistant to certain pests and diseases. In medicine, there might be the development of microbes that can produce pharmaceuticals for proper human or animal usage. Finally in foods, the concept of genetic engineering helps in the production of microorganisms that facilitates brewing, cheese making and baking. For the creation of genetically modified organism, three main components should be available. These are the gene that should be transferred, the organism to put it into or the target species, and the vector to carry the gene into the target species cells. The steps for

Resisting Disability Epithets Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Resisting Disability Epithets - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that the organization, Hermit Life and Auto, could be deduced to offer insurance services (both life and automobiles) to various clients across the United States. Its communication culture manifests an abundance of expressing disability slur or disability epithet, defined as â€Å"an abusive or contemptuous word or phrase†¦commonly used as a simple synonym for a term of abuse or slur†, with frequent references to words such as â€Å"spazzos† and â€Å"retards† within their communication patterns. The main party involved in Stacey, who is disturbed by the communication culture, particularly due to her being â€Å"the mother of a child with an intellectual disability†. She felt that by being tolerant of other personnel’s constant disregard for respectful and irresponsible use of disability epithet, the communication culture would be construed as an unprofessional representation of the high quality of services they are expec ted to offer to diverse clients â€Å"regardless of race, religion, political or cultural differences, sexual orientation, or mental and /or physical disability†. In this regard, a letter was drafted and written by Stacey with the aim of presenting the issues to her colleagues to ultimately put a stop to the use of disability epithet within the communication culture in the organization.

Human Resources Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Human Resources Development - Assignment Example It can be considered as a more practical and application based indicator of learning styles. Here, a psychometric questionnaire is prepared for evaluating the different personalities of individuals. Learning curve can be described as the learning process, taking place over a specific time period. It can be about learning a specific topic or area or gaining knowledge about a development. This learning curve can be of many forms. For instance, it can be steep, such as, in case of crash or short-term courses or it can be lengthy. In general, learning curve depends on what is being learned as well as learning capabilities of the individuals. The major role of learning curve in an organisation is transferring of experiences and overall learning of various activities in the workplace as well as achieving greater productivity. Learning is considered as ineffective, if it cannot be transmitted from past experience to present job or if it fails to provide positive results in business. Transfer of workplace learning is critical as it not only provides a real time and application based experience to workers, but also has innumerable scope for individual development in future. Workplace kn owledge transfer is also a good way of disseminating organisational learning as well as motivating individuals and teams to share their ideas and suggestions for business benefits. Thus, employees start linking learning process with improvement in performance, which subsequently leads to better organisational outcome. 1. Behaviourist Theory: According to this theory, external stimuli like, experiences, result in learning. Emphasis is given on conditioning and nurturing. Here, stimulus can be any change in the surrounding or environment and the immediate reaction of an individual will be the response. 2. Cognitive Theory: This theory stresses on improving the creative ability of employees, during the learning process.

CinnZeo Strategic Expansion Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CinnZeo Strategic Expansion Plan - Research Paper Example There are already quite a number of people inside so something must be going on. You park your car and stop to investigate. Yes indeed, it was the smell of cinnamon and it’s coming from the cinnamon rolls that you see all around. Seems to be quite a hit here, as everybody has a piece! You wait your turn and are soon rewarded. One bite into it and you’re hooked! Welcome to CinnZeo, a baker’s delight. Here you will find a number of delectable offerings to tempt your tastebuds, from the ever famous Cinammon Rolls to the Miniroll and the Caramel Pecaroll. There are Twists and Minitwists, CinnaDippers and Cinnamon ShakerZ, Cinnamon Toasties and Minifests. If you want to take something home for your family and friends, there is also the Mini Snack Pack and the CinnZeo Pack. So indulge, enjoy and spread the good news. A Short History CinnZeo is a Canadian franchise that started in 1987 from its home bases in Alberta and British Columbia. After remarkable success over a 10 year period, it decided to expand internationally and has a number of bakeries in Chile and Mexico (cinnzeo.com). Due to the mix of international clientele of various nationalities that is typically found in the Gulf States, it has targeted the Arabian Peninsula as its next area of expansion.

Charter Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Charter Schools - Essay Example The different between charter schools and other public schools is that families choose them for their children because they have desired qualities and environment that must exhibit. Moreover, they operate on specific freedoms that are not in the other district public schools hence making them favorable and lenient to the children Chance, L. M. S. A. A., & Lewis, W. (2013) these schools must demonstrate exquisite performance in matters relating to academics prowess, transparent management of finances and effective organizational stability. However, failure for a charter school to meet the organizational may lead to the closure of such school. Chance & Lewis (2013) Affirms that the underrepresented students in charter schools tend to succeed in education and extracurricular activities compared to other students in the district schools. The essay seeks to illustrate why the underrepresented students perform better compared to others in the district schools. First, the general model of school provides an enabling atmosphere where all people can learn and integrate the relevant skills learned in the realm of academics. CREDO study indicates success of these students emanates from school quality features such as teacher quality, lengths of day among other factors that concentrate on the non-low-income, non-disabled females in the charter schools (Mayr, 2008). The school exhibits controllable effects such as peer group, physical education that contribute heavily towards making an individual full member of the community. In other words, the schools have an adequate atmosphere that will provide an avenue for students to succeed by the end of the day. The students have hardworking spirit. Coupling the handwork and effort from students makes it possible for students to excel and eventually perform distinctively from other students in the society. The administration has set principles in terms creating and maintaining motivation amongst students. Awards and

Advertising to the other Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising to the other - Essay Example Fleishman –Hilliard Company concentrated on reaching out to potential customers in Canada, North America and globally. The potential customers mainly comprised environmental groups, oil-retailing companies and all-level institutions and companies that use energy. The objectives of an ad should reflect the intention of the marketing of the product. It is imperative for any advertising firm to consider the objectives of an ad before making any piece of advertisement (Williams, 2012). The Fleishman-Hilliard firm ads campaign sought to achieve different objectives. The primary objective of the ads is to promote the oil sands and Canada’s natural resource sector globally. The campaign ads incorporate this objective by using the ads to raise public awareness about the products made by the Canadian oil sands. The ads also aim at ensuring a fact-based dialogue about Canada being a responsible supplier of oil and other resources. The ad campaign aims at exploring online platform where customers can find information about Canadian oil sands. Finally, the ad campaign aims at portraying Canada as a competent and trustworthy neighbor in terms of industrial partnerships and acting responsibly. Advertising techniques are the ways in which advertising agents use to attract and engage minds of the target market and public. When made to be creative and captivating, they serve as very strong communication tools. Importance and relevance of a particular technique rests on its ability to trigger emotion and attract attention (Williams, 2012). Fleishman-Hilliard Company employed different techniques in its advertising Canadian Oil sands. These techniques included claims, repetition, bandwagon, association, and patriotism. An effective advertisement tends to imply or make claims about the unique capabilities of a particular product. The ads achieve this by concentrating on specific aspects of the

In the following text Essay Example for Free

In the following text Essay I think she does not want the light on her because it is exposing the truth. In the following stage direction when she wants to have another tumbler of whiskey, you can see that she is very nervous, hysterical mentally unstable: [She rushes to the closet and removes the bottle; she is shaking all over and panting for breath as she tries to laugh. The bottle nearly slips from her grasp. ] She lies to her sister when she seeks the bottle of whiskey, because she knows where it is. As Blanche speaks, she reveals her unsettled emotional state. In just a brief dialogue with her sister, Blanche expresses affection, shock, modesty, concern for Stella, vanity, resentment and uncertainty about herself. While almost every sentence reveals another dimension of Blanches inner turbulence, the dialogue also illustrates the relationship between the sisters. She treats Stella in a patronising way and is domineering. Stella says in the text to Blanche: You never did give me a chance to say much, Blanche. So I just got in the habit of being quiet around you. In the first scene, we get to know that Blanche works as a teacher. She explains that she has suffered a nervous breakdown and has therefore taken a leave from her teaching job in the middle of the term. Here she presented as the burnt out teacher, but you can notice that she is lying when she says that to her sister, because of her strange behaviour: [Nervously tamping cigarette], [She drinks quickly. ] These actions are meant to cover up this lie. She is dishonest. The truth is that she had sex with a 17-year-old boy of her class, but that is not revealed in this scene. Blanche then disparages Stellas messy apartment. She cannot believe that she has only two rooms. Blanche wants to maintain her Southern way of life and behaves like this. Also she reproaches Stella for gaining so much weight. Blanche does not know that she is pregnant. Blanche comes across as a frivolous, hysterical, insensitive, and self-obsessed individual as she derides her sisters lesser social status. In the following quotation you can see again that Blanche is very bossy and plays the big, domineering sister: You hear me? I said stand up! You messy child, you, youve spilt something on that pretty white lace collar! About your hair- you ought to have it cut in a feather bob with your dainty features On the other hand Blanche wants to be ensured that she is looking very well. She is fishing for compliments: I want you to look at my figure! [She turns around. ] You know I havent put on one ounce in ten years, Stella? You can see that Blanche has lots of thoughts about the way she looks like. She recognizes that she is getting older. You see I still have that awful vanity about my looks even now that my looks are slipping! In my opinion, that is also a reason, why she does not want to be seen in the light. Now there is a point in scene one where you are informed about Blanches loneliness. She tells Stella the following: I want to be near by you, got to be with somebody, I cant be alone! Because as you must have noticed Im not very well. This quotation shows aswell that she is aware of her mental state. Stella notices that she is nervous and overwrought. Blanche worries about whether Stanley will like her but also she does not speak well about him. He is not the type of man she is accustomed to. I think Stella already knows that Stanley and Blanche are not going to get along. They come from two different worlds. Blanche is posh and a descendant of a rich, aristocratic family. He is not the type of man they went out with at home, because of his civilian background. Blanche now turns the conversation to news of their home. She tries to tell Stella that Belle Reve is lost. Therefore she uses a very dramatic and emotional language. She has frightened of Stella as she could be reproaching her for this. The entire burden descended on Blanches shoulders, because Stella left Belle Reve after the death of their father. Blanche has suffered trough the deaths of all her relatives, save Stella, and the loss of her home and old way of life. I, I, I took the blows in my face and my body! All of those deaths! The long parade to the graveyard! Father, mother! Margaret, that dreadful way! Every death had to be paid for with a little piece of Belle Reve, and gradually the place just slipped away through Blanches fingers. More shocked than angry, Stella says nothing. Blanche thinks that Stella doubts the story and cruelly lashes out at her sister: Yes, accuse me! Sit there and stare at me, thinking I let the place go! I let the place go? Where were you. In bed with your Polack! Blanches attack on Stella suggests the intensity of her feelings about the loss. On the other hand, she could be covering up the facts, possibly to protect herself, possibly because she cant face the truth. Unable to accept responsibility, she may be casting blame on the dead people in her family and ultimately on her little sister, all characters, take note, without the capacity to defend themselves. Blanch has suffered terribly. Loneliness and desire are integral to her being. She chose the harsh road of staying at Belle Reve to care for the dying, and she has suffered because of it. For many years, she was a delicate young woman who lived alone in house full of the terminally ill. When Stella runs to the bathroom in tears, Stanley returns from bowling. This is the first encounter between him and Blanche. He asks her a lot of questions. Finally, when Stanley asks her about her marriage, Blanche cannot talk about it with him. The only thing she said: The boy the boy died. [She sinks back down. ] Im afraid Im going to be sick! [Her head falls on her arms. ] It seems that the subject is too painful for her or that she has something to hide. But at this point we know that she was married. She must have been very young, because she is talking of a boy. It is a very dramatic ending.

Epidemiology of the Influenza Virus

Epidemiology of the Influenza Virus Hector Lucca Instructor: Leslie Greenberg The influenza virus, colloquially referred to as the flu, is a standout amongst the most well-known infectious processes in individuals of all ages and demographics. The central focus of this paper is to investigate the methodology of disease transmission for the influenza virus. To altogether comprehend the organism there are a few features to be examined. This includes identifying the virus itself through the distinguishing signs or symptoms, mode of transmission, complications and available means of treatment. The demographics affected will likewise be inspected through current information of mortality and morbidity, pervasiveness and rate of infection. An intensive examination will be made of the social determinants of health and how those components factor into the ailment along with the epidemiologic triangle in relation to the flu infection and the chain of contamination. Lastly the roles of the community health nurse and public aid as they relate to the treatment and response to the viral impact will be reviewed. The flu arrives in various outbreaks episodes of variable range yearly. To accurately describe Influenza we must incorporate details on what causes the infection. The flu is an intense respiratory disease brought about by influenza A or B infections, most often occurring during the span of the winter months. (CDC, 2015) The infection lives in the respiratory discharges of an infected individual and is spread through droplets caused by talking, hacking or wheezing. (CDC, 2015) These respiratory droplets then land in the mucous membranes of individuals close-by or are spread through a non-tainted individual touching a surface or article of clothing with the organism on it and after that touching their own eyes, nose, or mouth. (CDC, 2015) The virus can continue to shed for 5-10 days. (Dolin, 2015) The incubation period, from the time one is infected to displaying symptoms of infection is 2 days. (WHO, 2014) Signs and symptoms of influenza are a fever or feeling hot, coughing, sore thro at, runny nose, headaches, weariness, emesis, and loose bowels. (CDC, 2015) Complications of this seasons flu virus can include bacterial pneumonia, ear contaminations, sinus diseases, and dehydration. (CDC,2015) pneumonia is the most widely recognized complication and is more regular in those with debilitated and susceptible systems. (CDC, 2015) Prevention with inoculation is an effective way to fight infection and the complications that come with it. Treatment choices for most incorporates treating the symptoms; by resting, increasing intake of liquids, taking acetaminophen, and cough remedies. (CDC, 2015) Antiviral medicines, such as Tamiflu, can diminish the seriousness and length of time of symptoms by a day and this prescription is ordered in the off chance that you have had influenza symptoms for more than 48 hours and you have complications related to contracting the flu. The demographic of interest is juveniles and the elderly. Although death tolls related to Influenza contraction is â€Å"usually disproportionately higher among elderly individuals and infants during influenza epidemics, a shift in the age distribution are seen during pandemics.† (Dolin 2015) Nurses are at risk for infection as well. The World Health organization states that â€Å"vaccination is especially important for people at higher risk of serious influenza complications, and for people who live with or care for high risk individuals. High risk individuals are pregnant females, the young 6 months to 5 years, the elderly over 65 years of age, individuals with chronic conditions, for example, diabetes, and healthcare workers. (WHO 2014) As indicated by the Healthy People 2020 the social determinants of health are: Economic Stability Education Social and Community Context Health and Health Care Neighborhood and Built Environment. These determinants of wellbeing have an effect on the infection rate of flu. There has been broad research on how social and financial circumstance assumes a significant part in the general health status of an individual, family and the community at large. As indicated by the WHO there is a relationship between habitations in devastated or overcrowded neighborhoods and increased risk of poor health status results and transferrable illnesses. (WHO, 2014). Absence of access, or restricted access, to health resources enormously affects the individual’s wellbeing. Case in point, when people dont have health insurance, they are less inclined to take an interest in preventive care and are more prone to defer therapeutic treatment. The time of year or season is one of the greatest natural elements for influenza transmission in the United States. Regular occurrence of influenza happens predominately in the winter months from October to March. Individuals have a tendency to invest more energy inside and are exposed to a higher amassing of airborne viruses. Dry climate can dry out nasal passages which results in making them more vulnerable to airborne infections. Individual observation of infection precautions assumes a large part in community health management of infections. Case in point, if a man gets this seasons flu virus immunization his or her danger of getting the flu infection is significantly reduced. An individual has some control over how to decrease danger of this seasons flu virus by honing hand washing skills, covering the mouth when coughing and getting the prescribed measure of rest and reduction of every day stressors. The epidemiological triangle model for understanding and visualizing a transmittable illness depicts the communication of the agent, host and environment giving a visual guide in controlling and keeping the transmission at bay by disturbing the equalization of this triangle. The Influenza virus (A, B and C) is the causative agent. Human beings are the primary host of the flu infection. Viruses have a genetic core, yet no real way to replicate itself. The virus attacks a host cell and assumes control over the cells capacity to reproduce. Influenza viruses are very versatile and resilient. Low temperature and low humidity support drop transmission. This clarifies the rationale for the seasonal nature of the virus. In tropical climates flu infection rates are connected with increased precipitation. Individuals invest more energy inside during harsh weather and cool climate expanding human to human interactions, in turn increasing exposure to the beads which convey the influenza infectio n. The extremely immunocompromised can be contagious for a considerable length of time. The epidemiologic triangle is utilized to break the chain of the flu disease. Immunization makes the host less susceptible against the influenza infection, observing good hygiene breaks the chain of transmission from reservoir or tainted individual to the next host. (CDC 2014). The Institute of Medicine characterizes general wellbeing as what the general public does, by and large to guarantee the conditions in which individual can be healthy. (IOM n.d.). The Public Health Nurse is the foundation of the public health system’s framework. A nurse can use the epidemiologic triangle alongside the nursing procedure to lessen the effects and quantities of flu cases in their communities. The assessment phase is utilized to gather and dissect information about the flu infection and to distinguish community needs and accessible assets. Through the gathering and interpretation of information on the flu infection in the community the nurse has the capacity take part in flu case findings and serves to monitor trends. The diagnostic phase is the used to translate data and is the premise for execution of care and interventional planning. The nurse via home visits has the capacity identify and plan for strategies to overcome hindrances to vaccination such as cost an d accessibility of service. Primary prevention would incorporate instruction on cleanliness, how the viral infection is transmitted, and inoculation. Secondary prevention incorporates distinguishing those in the community who are infected and conceivably the of caring for the individuals who are at most serious risk for getting an secondary infection by administration of antiviral medication. There are various associations which advance flu awareness and prevention, an example of such an association would be the CDC. The CDC formed a program called The Influenza Division International Program, which works collectively with other international entities like The World Health Organization and others to develop the capacity to react to pandemic and seasonal flu outbreaks. The Influenza Division Internationals plan is to decrease the risk factors of individuals contracting the flu by giving individuals and the overall population including health care professionals about transmission precautions, populaces at risk and the significance of seasonal influenza immunizations. The CDC reduces the dangers of a pandemic, restrains the spread of pandemic and seasonal influenza through week after week observation and evaluation of data. Through the utilization of the epidemiologic triangle the CDC has the capacity to: distinguish new strains of the flu, focus variables influencing indivi dual to individual transmission, the directions of infection as it spreads at the worldwide and neighborhood levels, and team up with organization on general wellbeing measures to breaking the chain of transmission. The CDC can advance the treatment of patients by perceiving variables connected with pathogenesis and clinical seriousness. An impact can be made on the general wellbeing of the population on a local or global scale. History has demonstrated the potential the influenza virus has to be incredibly destructive and its ability to evolve keeps public health organizations in close observation, advancement of new immunizations, and training on all levels from healthcare workers, communities and the citizen. By using the epidemiologic triangle to map the influenza virus in order to give a more all encompassing picture of communicable disease, both the individual health care professional and the public health organization can help stem the tide against a potent viral agent. REFERENCES Center for Disease Control. (2015, April). RetrievedJune 20, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/flu.pdf Dolin, R. (2015). UpToDate: Epidemiology of influenza, Retrieved June 20, 2015 from http://cursoenarm.net/UPTODATE/contents/mobipreview.htm?26/30/27119?source=see_link Public Health Institute of Medicine. Retrieved from http://www.iom.edu/Global/Topics/Public-Health.aspx Social Determinants of Health. (n.d.). Retrieved June 21, 2015, from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-health World Health Organization. (2014). WHO | The Determinants of Health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/

Management theories applied to a UK Restaurant

Management theories applied to a UK Restaurant There are a lot of foreign restaurants have opened in UK in this years and these restaurants are growing popular both with UK nationals and foreign visitors to the UK. I am working as an assistant manager restaurant called Smith. This business is the family business and they are thinking about extending and developing a chain of restaurants across the UK like other foreign companies. The owner and manager, Mr Smith is himself a foreigner who has lived in the UK for many years. His family in Africa operates a chain of restaurants business across the African countries and therefore he is very familiar with this kind of business. Introduction Smiths restaurant is located in central London and close to many attractions and easily accessible by public transport. The restaurant has seen a big increase in sale due to the popularity of European and International cuisines. According to these factors Mr Smith want to open the similar restaurants across the UK. Gather Information The restaurant is currently using the typical hierarchical structure. Mr Smith is the owner and also the managing director. He had two assistants and three supervisors but he direct control over management and operational issues such as the hiring of staff, marketing and sales promotion. . Mr Smith Managing Director Staff Staff Staff Assistant Manager Assistant Manager Staff Supervisor Supervisor There are small accounting and finance department headed by Mr Smiths son Peter. He is currently studying for a degree in accounting and only works part time. Mr Smith himself takes some of the duties in this department too. Centralization and Decentralization Mr Smith restaurant is now in centralization structure an it have several layers of management that control the company by maintaining a high level of authority, which is the power to make decisions concerning business activities. With a centralized structure, line-and-staff employees have limited authority to carry something out without prior approval. The top management telling middle management and then tells supervisors. Then the supervisors tell the staffs what to do and how to do it. In this case Mr Smith has to think about the decentralization policy to change in business extension plan. Decentralization seeks to eliminate the unnecessary levels of management and to place authority in the hands of assistant managers and supervisor. Although that policy helps Mr Smith some part of the duties, its increasing the span of control, with more employees reporting to one manager. Because more employees are reporting to a single manager than before, the managers are forced to delegate more work and to hold the employees more accountable. Tall and Flat structure There is other structure to look at for the Mr Smith business plan. A tall structure is the structure which Mr Smith using it now. A tall structure is one with many levels from the top management level to the operating level. A tall structure usually implies a narrow span of control for supervisors and managers and a greater degree of devolved decision-making, but requires many more supervisory and managerial staff. It also leads to the long vertical communication, and possibly to weaker communication between top management and staffs. In a tall structure the hierarchy is generally problems of coordination are always present. Nowadays many large corporations have set about reducing their hierarchy in order to introduce a flatter structure. The flat structure contains fewer levels between the top and bottom of the organisation. The result for the using this structure is a few supervisor and management staff, and wider spans of control for those who remain. This structure leads to more centralised decision-making. However, to avoid this increasing centralization by encourage all the levels of staff carry greater personal responsibility for their role and duty. Organisational Culture Organisational culture affects behaviour through a deep-rooted system of values, attitudes and beliefs. Culture is specific to the organisation and is learned behaviour. Different organisations have a different feel or climate that reflects their culture. This may be reflected in the degree of formality and task or people orientation; the dress code; accepted behaviours and expected performance levels. Charles Handy (1985) looking at culture which used to link to organizational structure to organizational culture. He describes four types of culture; A Power Culture which concentrates power among a few. Control radiates from the center like a web. Power Cultures have few rules and little bureaucracy; swift decisions can ensue. In a Role Culture, people have clearly delegated authorities within a highly defined structure. Typically, these organizations form hierarchical bureaucracies. Power derives from a persons position and little scope exists for expert power. By contrast, in a Task Culture, teams are formed to solve particular problems. Power derives from expertise as long as a team requires expertise. These cultures often feature the multiple reporting lines of a matrix structure. A Person Culture exists where all individuals believe themselves superior to the organization. Survival can become difficult for such organizations, since the concept of an organization suggests that a group of like-minded individuals pursue the organizational goals. Some professional partnerships can operate as person cultures, because each partner brings a particular expertise and clientele to the firm. (P1, P2) Organisational behaviour and management theories Organisational behaviour is a term applied to the systematic study of the behaviour of individual within work groups, including an analysis of the nature of groups, the development of structure between and within group, and the process of implementing change. The rationale of organisational behaviour is to predict or control individual and group behaviour in the pursuit of management goals, which may or may not be shared throughout the organisation. Organisational behaviour also includes in many areas what might be called management theory. Management theory is especially concerned with issues of goal-setting, resource-deployment, employee motivation, team-work, leadership, control, coordination, and performance measurement. Management theory has been approached form a number of different perspective, each identifying problematic issues and usually, proposing a range of possible solutions. These are some of the management groupings as follows; Human Relations Theorists Perspective Typical Issues Exponents Dates social, ie attention to peoples social needs at work Group identity Workers as members of a group Importance of informal groups Elton Mayo Roethlisbeger Dickson 1927-36 Social Psychological School Perspective Typical issues Exponents Dates Individual needs and motivation Acknowledgement of individual contribution Individual needs Personal motivators Self-actualisation Achievement Individual independence Supportive relationships Abraham Maslow Douglas McGregor F.Herzberg R.Likert C.Argyris D.McClelland 1950s 1960s Leadership theorists Perspective Typical issues Exponents Dates Leadership qualities and style Nature of the qualities Leadership styles Situational/ functional aspects of leadership Contingency approach D. McGregor Tannenbaum/Schmidt C.Argyris Blake/Mouton F.E Fiedler Victor Vroom John Adair W.Reddin 1950s 1960s 1960s 1970s Improvements in work performance and effectiveness are depending how excellence in management processes. It is important for managers to understand behaviour in a number of areas. Attitudes: dynamic change in the environment demands rapidly change form organisations and this means their behaviour must change. Employee attitudes to change are often resistant since people feel more secure with the familiar and habitual. They are naturally apprehensive and fear they may be disadvantaged by change and worry they may not be able to learn new skills. For this problem manager must understand the attitudes and perceptions of their employees and respond proactively to reduce resistance for change. This might involve open communication action, participation in the change process and attention to a new wage work bargain. Motivation: is the most importance in the organisation achieving the goals. Managers must not only understand the needs that drive employee behaviour, they must appreciate the processes involved in making motivation effective in improving performance. Needs may vary with the individuals level in the organisational hierarchy and what might be effective with one individual might not be with another. Having the right equipment, people skills and organisational framework is not a guarantee of excellent performance. Employees and managers must be motivated to achieve organisational goals. Communication: organisations depend on receiving and transmitting information to achieve the co-ordination necessary to achieve their goals. Managers must understand this behaviour if they are to ensure a communication process that allows a clear, understandable and fast transmission of information to support decision making without unnecessary distortion or noise. Human nature also leads to extensive informal communications that do not follow the chain of command. Conflict: when negative, this can inhibit the achievement of organisational goals and adversely affect morale and performance. Managers have to understanding of organisational behaviour will appreciate that conflict can be positively correlated with goal achievement where it releases tensions, stimulates ideas or challenges the status quo. Manager also needs to recognise the behaviour signs of negative conflict and understand the mean by which this type of conflict may be resolved. (P4) Motivational theories There are a lot of motivation theories for Mr Smith business plan. These are some theories which are suitable for Mr Smith business plan. A motive is a need or a driving force within a person. The process of motivation involves choosing between alternative forms of action in order to achieve some desired end or goal. Mr Smith is now using the Theory X and Y style (stick and carrot) form Mc Gregor scientific management. Theory X makes the assumption that the average human being has an: Inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible, Is lazy Wishes to avoid responsibility, Has relatively little ambition Wants security above all This is the person should use the stick. They have to controlled, directed and threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort towards the achievement of organisational goals. Theory Y makes the following general assumptions: Work can be as natural as play and rest. People will be self-directed to meet their work objectives if they are committed to them. People will be committed to their objectives if rewards are in place that address higher needs such as self-fulfilment Under these conditions, people will seek responsibility. Most people can handle responsibility because creativity and ingenuity are common in the population. This is the person should use the carrot. They have their personal goals and the motivator has to fulfill their quest with organisational goals together. Victor Vroom Expectancy theory The best known contribution to the process theory of motivation is the work on expectancy models of motivation developed by Victor Vroom. Vroom believes that people will be motivated to do things to reach a goal if they believe in the worth of that goal and if they can see that what they do will help them in achieving it. Peoples motivation toward doing anything is the product of the anticipated worth that an individual places on a goal and the chances of achieving that goal. It may be stated as: From the Vroom theory, Mr Smith has to motivate the employees by the individual goal and chances of achieve the goal. Mr Smith has to show the employees the goal is clear and it is worth to reach that goal. He is trying to increased activity from reduce the staff lunch breaks from one hour to thirty minutes. He argues that he pays his employees very well and they will have to be happy with whatever decisions he made. Mr Smith is using the one of the motivation theory called Herzberg motivation Theory. Herzberg that monetary methods of motivation have little value; firms still use money as a major incentive. There are a variety of payment systems that a business could use to motivate the employees. Advantage Simple and easy to use for businesses Disadvantage Workers may resent being paid the same as a colleague who they feel is not so productive These are the some of the motivation theories for Mr Smith business extension plan to cover. Mr Smith has to look at the monetary methods is not the only solution in organisation, there are so many theories to motivate the employees and always aware of the individual goals of the staffs, then to get the organisational goals with fulfil their wish. (P7) Empowerment Empowerment is like delegation. It is when power or authority is given to employees so they can make their own decisions regarding their working life. Mr Smith should think about the empowerment in future business plan that will also improve in motivation of employees and help in chain organisation. Thats why Mr Smith must use the right management style and structure in his future business extension plan. Blake and Moultons managerial grid There are a lot of management theories using in business organisation these days. This is the one of the management theory which can help Mr Smith business plan. 1.1 Impoverished management- shows a minimum of concern for either people or production. This type of manager exerts just the minimum effort to get the work done and has little interest in his or her subordinates. 9.1 Task Oriented management- is concerned only with the work and has little interest in people. Efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree. 5.5 middle of the road- management- balances the necessity to produce with maintaining morale at a satisfactory level in order to achieve adequate organisational performance. 1.9 The country club style- management is all about the people and shows little concern for getting the work done. Thoughtful attention is paid to the needs of the staff for satisfying relationships, leading to a comfortable, friendly atmosphere and work tempo. This is sometimes called country club management. 9.9 Team management- is seen as the ideal. The manager gets the work accomplished by committed people. He or she tries to provide a situation where workers and the organisations goals are the same and this interdependence through a common stake in the organisation leads to relationships based on trust and respect. Blake and Moulton considered that all managers should strive to attain 9.9 on the grid, with training being directed to this end. (P8) Effective Teamwork in Organisation -Teams have been described as collections of people who must rely on group collaboration if each member is to experience the optimum of success. -A team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. Team success due to: Synergy: 2+2=5 Co-operation increases efficiency, quality, and commitment Atmosphere created by cohesive groups encourages participation Communication and good leadership help to maintain rapport Mr Smith has to look at in the area of teamwork in his future business plan. Teamwork is one of the most important facts in organisation. Without teamwork any organisation couldnt cope in critical situation. These are some effective team development process; Wilemon and Thamhain have developed a model, which they refer to as a multidimensional framework, to guide the project team-development process. This team-development model indicates that the team-development process is composed of the following tasks and goals: Recruiting of team members Climate setting for team development Goal setting Role clarification Procedure development Decision-making Control Using the effective team development in organisation Mr Smith can easily manage from head office to overseas of the chain of restaurants. (P10) Finding and Analysis Management Management is a structured process involving planning, organising, directing, co-ordinating and controlling a range of resources, to achieve pre-determined objectives. THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT The classical school was effectively the first coherent set of theoretical perspectives about organisation and management. It arose at the end of the last century as the early writers sought to make sense of the newly emerging large-scale business organisations. They focused on: Purpose and Structure: The approach centres on understanding the purpose of an organisation and then examining its structure. Operations: The next level of focus is on the operations which have to be undertaken within an organisation to meet the objectives. Groupings of functions: This is followed by the logical groupings of functions to form individual jobs, sections, departments and so on. Span of control: Special care is taken over the span of control within management. Co-ordination is affected by clear hierarchies which identify authority, responsibility and accountability, and by duties being clearly specified for each post. Efficiency: A key emphasis in all of this is a belief in the efficiency of specialisation of labour individuals being responsible for one particular task to the exclusion of others, and thus being able to build up expertise in that task and contribute to the greater efficiency of the whole. F .W Taylor and the Scientific School In 1911, Frederick W Taylors book the Principles of Scientific Management was published and, with it, management as a separate field of study started. The main elements of this view of management are: The detailed and careful analysis of all processes and tasks within the organisation to identify each component part; The review of all routines and working methods, using (principally) time and motion studies now called work study to find the best way to do the job; The standardisation of all working methods, equipment and procedures, so that the precise way in which each task should be done can be laid down and monitored; The scientific selection and training of workers who would then become first-class at their particular jobs; The introduction of payment on a piecework basis, which would both be an incentive to maximise productivity and produce high wages for the workers, although there would be penalties for falling below the prescribed standard a fair days pay for a fair days work in Taylors words. HUMAN RELATIONS SCHOOL This began through the work of G Elton Mayo (1880-1949) who, with others, conducted a series of experiments at the Hawthorne plant of the General Electric Company in Chicago during the years 1927-32. Mayo sought to evaluate the effects of the changes in physical working conditions, which, according to scientific management, should cause significant variations in productivity. Thus lighting, noise levels, etc. were adjusted and resulting output changes noted. The researchers concluded that group relationships and management worker communication were far more important in determining employee behaviour than were physical conditions and the working practices imposed by management. Also, wage levels were not the dominant motivating factor for most workers. Further research established the following propositions of the human relations school. Employee behaviour depends primarily on the social and organisational circumstances of work. Leadership style, group cohesion and job satisfaction are major determinants of the outputs of the working group. Employees work better if they are given a wide range of tasks to complete. Standards set internally by a working group influence employee attitudes and perspectives more than standards set by management. Starbucks coffee company: believes that their employees are one of their important assets in that their only sustainable advantage is the quality of their workforce. They have accomplished building a national retail company by creating pride in the labour produced through an empowering corporate culture, exceptional employee benefits, and employee stock ownership programs. The culture towards employees is laid back and supportive. Employees are empowered by management to make decisions without management referral and are encouraged to think of themselves as a part of the business. Management stands behind these decisions. Starbucks has avoided a hierarchical organizational structure and has no formal organizational chart. Starbucks Company basically use the Human Relationship management by Elton Mayo to become success retail company in the world wide. KFCs Fried Chicken Restaurant: strategy of KFC is currently working with is to improve operating efficiencies. This in turn can directly impact the operating profit of the firm. In 1989, KFC centered on elimination of overhead costs and increased efficiency. This reorganization was in the U.S. operations and included a revision of KFCs crew training programs and operating standards. They emphasized customer service, cleaner restaurants, faster and friendlier service, and continued high-quality products. In 1992, KFC continued with reorganization in its middle management ranks. KFCs is using the middle management style form Blake and Moultons managerial grid. It is also help the KFCs company to one of the famous restaurant around the world. Mr Smith himself has to choose the right management style and practice in his future business to become a successful organisation around the world. Above information will give Mr Smith to right decision to choose management style for his future business plan. (P5) An individual at work is seemed by other in three principal ways: As a physical person having gender, age, race and size characteristics; As a person with a range of abilities (intellectual, physical and social); As a personality (ie; someone is having a particular kind of temperament). In these three of factors personality of individual must have to look at in every organisation. Personality types are great effective in organisation when we look at in leadership, group and teamwork etc; in such areas. Personality those relatively stable and enduring aspects of an individual that distinguish him/her from other people and at the same time form the basis for our predictions concerning his/her behaviour (Wright et al., 1970) These are the factors impact on the Personality of individuals; Genetic factors there is significant evidence to suggest that our genetic inheritance plays a role in developing our personality. Children, especially twins, are observed to inherit common family traits. Also our physical attributes, which are all genetically determined, may influence how others treat us and may in turn affect how we view ourselves. Social factors these are the factors that could influence personality as a result of interacting with other people. Socialisation is the process of being taught how to behave and how to feel by family, friends and other significant people within a social setting. Humans are social animals and so it is to be expected that social interaction will affect our personality and behaviour.. Cultural factors these are wider social beliefs and values that are absorbed by an individual, and guide behaviour towards that which is acceptable within a social context. This varies across cultures with Americans exhibiting a strong need to achieve whereas in Japan there is an equally strong need to support the team. Situational factors these reflect the effects of specific experiences or situations on a persons feelings and behaviour. There will have been certain events in your life that have had a significant effect on you. Bereavement may literally change the whole personality of an affected person. A persons personality might also change if his or her role changes, e.g. being sent to prison. Because people have different personalities, managers must consider the following work behaviour in organisation: The compatibility of an individuals personality with his task different personality types fit different types of work and this most be taken into consideration when allocating work The compatibility of an individuals personality with the systems and management culture of the organisation some people hate to be controlled whiles others seek active supervision and control. Managers must be aware of these when adopting a particular style of management. The compatibility of an individuals personality with that of others in the team personality clashes are often the major cause of conflict at work and this must be considered when forming teams. (P3) Leadership in Organisation Leadership is a process by which individuals are influenced so that they will be prepared to participate in the achievement of organisational or group goals. It is the role of the leader to obtain the commitment of individuals to achieving these goals. Formal leaders are those appointed to positions within a hierarchy in the organisational structure. The informal leader may exercise appreciable influence within a workgroup. Although not necessarily in a post with any formal authority, and thus unable to issue formal instructions and directives, such a person may initiate action through friends or colleagues, or block action, in conflict with the formal leaders wishes. There are number of different approaches to leadership. Mullins provides a framework within which to analyse and understand the complexities of the subject. It embraces the following approaches: Traits- views leaders as born and not made due to inherited characteristics personality focus. Functions- focus on what leaders do (roles and responsibilities) assumes they can be learnt. Behaviour- concentrates on how leaders behave and influence subordinates and is linked to style. Style- combines functions and behaviour to produce alternative effects on subordinates; Contingency- Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable. Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making. Situational- based on the recognition that different styles are required in different situations. All these leadership approaches are using in the today business organisation. Mr Smith has to look at the most effective and suitable for his future business plan. For leaders to be effective, they must be able to perform the following functions or roles: An executive co-ordinating group activities and developing norms and policies; A planner deciding the means by which goals will be achieved; An expert source of key information and specialised skills; A figurehead representative of the group, and communications link; An exemplar setting standards and expectations and providing a unified front; An arbitrator resolving conflicts; A father figure a focus for group feelings; An ideologist setting standards of behaviour. According to Mr Smith business plan, he must look at the Professor Adairs action-centred leadership. The model is where task, group and individual needs are interconnected in the context of total leadership. According to him an effective leader is a leader who is able to: Satisfy task needs the leader ensures that the purpose, i.e. completion of the task, is fulfilled. The leadership function includes setting objectives, planning and allocation of resources, setting standards and control to ensure achievement. Satisfy group needs until the task is completed the group has to be held together; the leader must maintain team spirit and build morale, be a spokesperson, motivation communicate and maintain discipline Satisfy individual needs each member of a group or team has individual needs and the leader should try to ascertain these needs and work towards satisfying them as far as is possible within the groups needs. If Mr Smith can use this leadership style in organisation, it will be beneficial to all level in his future business organisation. (P6) The nature of groups and group behaviour within organisation A group comprises two or more individuals who interact in the collective pursuit of a common goal. They share values and goals, are involved in regular activities together, and identify themselves as members of the group and are identified as such by others. In the view of group development process the most accepted is that advanced by Tuckman (1965), which comprises four main stages: Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjoining/Mourning Forming: The group comes together and gets to initially know one other and form as a group. Storming:Â  A chaotic vying for leadership and trialling of group processes Norming: Eventually agreement is reached on how the group operates (norming) Performing: The group practices its craft and becomes effective in meeting its objectives. Tuckman added a 5th stage 10 years later: 5. Adjourning: The process of unforming the group, that is, letting go of the group structure and moving on. In 1996 Cole identified the factors that influence group behaviour in organisation. These are the following factors; Size Leadership and management style Cohesiveness Motivation of group members Norms of groups Group/team roles The environment The group task Learning the nature group and behaviour in organisation, we should also

Thoughts of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle :: Ancient Greece Greek History

Thoughts of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle Three Athenian philosophers flourish in Greece from 470 B. C. until 320 B. C. These philosophers were famous for their "schools of thought." The first of these is Socrates who lived from 469 until 399 B. C. He did not leave any writings behind; therefore, we know about his ways of thinking from those of whom he taught. His famous method of instruction called the Socratic method is still used today. In this method, the teacher allows students to use their own deductive reasoning to see things for themselves through a series of questions and answers. Unfortunately, many did not agree with Socrates teachings. He was accused of corrupting the youth in Athens and sentenced to death. One of Socrates most famous students, Plato, established a second school of thought. Flourishing around 400 B. C., Plato contradicted his teacher in that he left many writings, his most famous being The Republic. He believed that a higher world of unchanging forms and ideas existed. If a person knew these forms, then he knew the truth. These things, however, could only be achieved by a mind that had been properly trained. One of his idea forms was his vision of government. He did not trust the democracy. He felt that the highest rank should belong to the philosophers who were also kings, followed by the courageous, and ended with the rest of who must have desire. He established the Academy at which he taught Aristotle. The third school of thought was that of Aristotle (384-322 B. C.). He felt that form and matter were one, not two separate concepts. Based on his beliefs that the previous were not separable, he not unlike his teacher, tried to discover the best form of government. Thoughts of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle :: Ancient Greece Greek History Thoughts of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle Three Athenian philosophers flourish in Greece from 470 B. C. until 320 B. C. These philosophers were famous for their "schools of thought." The first of these is Socrates who lived from 469 until 399 B. C. He did not leave any writings behind; therefore, we know about his ways of thinking from those of whom he taught. His famous method of instruction called the Socratic method is still used today. In this method, the teacher allows students to use their own deductive reasoning to see things for themselves through a series of questions and answers. Unfortunately, many did not agree with Socrates teachings. He was accused of corrupting the youth in Athens and sentenced to death. One of Socrates most famous students, Plato, established a second school of thought. Flourishing around 400 B. C., Plato contradicted his teacher in that he left many writings, his most famous being The Republic. He believed that a higher world of unchanging forms and ideas existed. If a person knew these forms, then he knew the truth. These things, however, could only be achieved by a mind that had been properly trained. One of his idea forms was his vision of government. He did not trust the democracy. He felt that the highest rank should belong to the philosophers who were also kings, followed by the courageous, and ended with the rest of who must have desire. He established the Academy at which he taught Aristotle. The third school of thought was that of Aristotle (384-322 B. C.). He felt that form and matter were one, not two separate concepts. Based on his beliefs that the previous were not separable, he not unlike his teacher, tried to discover the best form of government.

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: Free Essays on 1984

As Winston Smith entered his apartment building, he passed a familiar poster. "It was one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption beneath it ran." Then Winston opened the door to his flat to be greeted by a voice on his "telescreen" - a device he could dim, but never shut off completely. Telescreens broadcasted government propaganda and served as the eyes and ears of the Thought Police, who scrutinized everyone for any possible deviation from acceptable thought or action. In the flat was a tiny alcove just out of sight from the telescreen's vision. Winston sat down to write in his diary, an act that was not officially illegal "but if detected it was reasonably certain that it would be punished by death . . . " While he sat writing, a recent memory stirred in his mind; the "Two Minutes Hate," a government-sponsored work break in which every worker at the Ministry of Truth was required to participate, had consisted that day of an interlude when everyone raged and screamed as the telescreen alternately flashed images of enemy Eurasian soldiers and Goldstein, an abhorred traitor. That morning, Winston had noticed a "bold-looking girl of about twenty-six" who worked in the Fiction Department. This particular girl - wearing the bright scarlet sash of the official anti-sex league - gave him "the impression of being more dangerous than most," and Winston had that unnerving feeling that she was watching him. A few days later, Winston walked through the working-class "prole" neighborhood to the antique shop where he had bought his diary. Though class barriers stood tensely in place throughout Oceania, Mr. Charrington, the shop owner, welcomed him and invited him upstairs to see other items. There wasn't much there, but Winston liked the old-fashioned room; it didn't even have a telescreen. When Winston again slipped out onto the street, he passed the dark-haired girl from the Fiction Department. Now he was sure she was an informant. Back at work, as Winston walked toward the lavatory, the girl reappeared in the hall. Then, just a few feet in front of him, she stumbled and fell. When he offered his hand to help her up, she slipped him a scrap of paper. Shaken, Winston decided to open the paper later at the cubicle where he rewrote old newspaper articles, deleting any reference to persons who had deviated from orthodoxy.

Piano by D. H. Lawrence Essay -- Piano D. H. Lawrence Essays

â€Å"Piano† by D. H. Lawrence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poem Piano, by D. H. Lawrence describes his memories of childhood. Hearing a woman singing takes him to the time when his mother played piano on Sunday evenings. In the present, this woman is singing and playing the piano with great passion. However, the passionate music is not affecting him, because he can only think about his childhood rather than the beauty of the music that exists in his actual space.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A woman is singing† softly to the speaker â€Å"in the dusk.† The speaker is describing the place he is at in the present moment. It’s partially dark, and a woman is singing to him. As he listens to the woman’s soft voice, he remembers the time when he was little. He says that it is taking him â€Å"back down the vista of years,† till he sees â€Å"a child sitting under the piano.† This child is the speaker.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The child is â€Å"sitting under the piano, in the boom of the tingling strings,† and he is â€Å"pressing the small, poised feet of a mother who smiles as she sings.† When the speaker was a child, he used to be under the piano where the strings were tingling since his mother was playing the piano. He used to press his mother’s feet, which were in balance. His mother was singing with a smile on her face.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The speaker sees this scenery in his mind. As a reader, I can even imagine him standing in a dark room looking at a woman singing and imagining his old days with his mother. Using the picturesque words such as â€Å"softly,† â€Å"dusk...

Motivational Methods Essay

Motivation in the workplace is very crucial for businesses and people. For most healthcare managers they have a lot of stress on them daily. As manager they provide leadership, guidance, and skills to their employees. Making sure the workplace operates correctly not only for the success as a team but also for the public. There are different ways motivations can affect us in a behavior standpoint. Quoted â€Å"Based on psychological and neurobiological theories of core affective experience, we identify a set of direct and indirect paths through which affective feelings at work affect three dimensions of behavioral outcomes: direction, intensity, and persistence. First, affective experience may influence these behavioral outcomes indirectly by affecting goal level and goal commitment, as well as three key judgment components of work motivation: expectancy judgments, utility judgments, and progress judgments. Second, affective experience may also affect these behavioral outcomes direct ly’’ (2004, Barrett and Bartunek). Based on scholar article this provides allot of different information of how studies have shown It is important in every organization big or small that everyone has the ability to make sure all departmental managers are on the same page. Especially with a downsized company, this can really hurt those who have had issues with bad employees versus good employees. There are difficult facts to make sure that we all keep an open perspective when a company downsizes. Giving employees bonuses during this  type of a difficult situation is good because this allows you to make a peaceful profit for the employee to stay while downsizing staff. Sometimes if you downsize a large staff and people get cut, this can become an intimidating situation and those who are staying should feel more comfortable with their job. Having employee bonuses really reflect on those who are really hard working people and can make sure that they stay motivated. Motivation allows a person to feel confident in their job and with the bonuses that are given; this will help to keep loyal employees during a difficult time. Those who are let go should be assured that a good reference will be with the company and that sometimes downsizing doesn’t mean a negative unemployment. Motivation of people to work effectively comes from inside out, the organizations they work for, and how motivation is accomplish. People’s intrinsic and extrinsic needs to be satisfied with such things as money or security or maybe both are needed to get the job done. There are many theories on motivations that have been studied, and some have proven to be very effective. â€Å"TheAdams’ Equity Theory- which proposes that individuals are motivated whenthey perceive that they are treated equitably in comparison to others within the organization† (Adams, 1963). According to the theory, it comes down to a fair balance between the employee’s inp uts and outputs. Inputs such as his/her work skills, effectiveness as a teamplayer; against his or her outputs like money, intangibles such as sense of achievement, praise and reputation. The heart of the Equity Theory is when people feel they are being treated fairly and respected for their work are more likely to be more motivated. Those that are unfairly treated are highly prone to feelings of disaffection and demotivation. So, by using this model in our organization we will have very motivated employees who are team players. The model will be effective by sharing information good or bad on how they are performing at their jobs and rewarding those that show good motivation and team work. The goal is for employees to like what they are doing and share that with others on the team. â€Å"As motivational situation we might seek to assess using the model, is not dependent on the extent to which a person believes reward exceeds effort, nor even necessarily on the belief that reward exceeds effort at all. Rather, Equity, and the sense of fairness which commonly underpins motivation, is dependent on the comparison a person makes between his or her  reward/investment ra tio with the ratio enjoyed (or suffered) by others considered to be in a similar situation†(Balancing Employee Inputs and Outputs). Behavioral Management Theory is the understanding and response of employee needs to enforce motivation. This theory guides management in a better understanding of the human aspect. It involves management to treat employees as important resources in the workforce. The goal is to raise productivity and to do this by motivating employees. Motivating employees can involve incentives like employee bonuses, promotions, and the collection and redeeming of points for rewards. As the management takes interest in employees, it makes them feel like an important part of the puzzle, and in turn motivates employees to work harder. Like in most cases, if the employees are satisfied and working conditions are good, productivity raises automatically. A theorist by the name of Mayo Hawthorne devised an experiment that allowed a group of telephone line workers to be separated and observed in a private room. The controlled group of employees increased greatly in productivity. This brought the human rela tions movement that involved management spending time, showing interest, and rewarding employees to increase productivity. Employees felt management was interested in their wellbeing. Motivated employees produce positive productivity and behavior. The behavioral management theory was developed in response to employees’ behavior education and motivation towards work being positive and increasing productivity. (Kat Kadian-Baumeyer) Managers facing a major change within a company such as downsizing must know how to handle the situation in order to make their employees feel comfortable with the impending change. There are several techniques a manager can apply in order to make the transition smooth and flawless beginning by treating each employee with respect as the individual that they are. A manager could discuss possible promotions to certain employees in order to keep them which could calm and prepare them for change. However, not every employee will be offered such a deal, but honesty will go a long way when speaking to them when there is a big change about to take place. Once the information has been given one important technique a manager can adhere to is to listen because there will many questions and concerns. If an employee feels, they are receiving neither respect nor honesty it can quickly escalate into something hostile that is something every company and manager needs to avoid. In the workplace many  times once we get into a position it can be hard for us to stay driven. That’s why managers tend to try to change things up in the work environment. Good motivations to get employees driven again are offeringrewards. It is a work driven environment that makes employees both maintain and push themselves to reap the reward. In the healthcare environment with it being ever changing managers may even offer a reward for those that complete trainings. Many times the trainings that pop up daily have changes that need to be put in place immediately. Employees even feel better about the workplace and themselves upon completion of assignment especially knowing there will be a reward for their effective work. Managers often have to do the dirty work of disciplining and punishing employees. When managers give instruction,it’s important to be clear what performance below expectations will do for you and at the same time explaining what rewards are given for meeting and exceeding expectations. We as the future of healthcare managers need to make sure we have the education and tools to be great leaders and lead the future of our staff to great lengths and expectations. Provided by my team this paper shows our great strengths and weaknesses. As a team we have shown that we are a stronger unit as one, we have our different opinions but still manage to make our deadlines. I am grateful for theteam membersin this class we have learned allot, and I know we are well prepared to conquer this paper. References Adams’ Equity Theory/Balancing Employee Inputs and Outputs Retrieved from:http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_96.htm The role of affective experience in work motivation: Test of a conceptual model (Jean M. Bartunek and Lisa Feldman Barrett, 2004) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1519413/ Behavioral Management Theory: Understanding Employee Behavior & Motivation Retrieved from: http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/behavioral-management-theory-understanding-employee-behavior-motivation.html#lesson Lipman, V. (2013). 5 Easy Ways To Motivate – And Demotivate – Employees. Forbes Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com Rewards and Incentives in the Workplace by Sherrie Scott, Demand Media Retrieved from: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/rewards-incentives-workplace-11236.html